![]() "The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies". (6 December 2012), The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now, Routledge, pp. 37–, ISBN 978-0-3 "What is hypergamy and are some people prone to it?". In a 2016 paper that explored the income difference between couples in 19, researcher Yue Qian noted that the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves still persists in the modern era. (Hypergamy does not require the man to be older, only of higher status, and social equals usually refers to social circles rather than economic equality). It is becoming less common for women to marry older men. Traditional marriage practices in which men “marry down” in education do not persist for long once women have the educational advantage. One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men "marrying-up" in a sample of 1,109 first-time married couples in the United States. while men express a desire for an analogue of hypergamy based on physical attractiveness they desire a mate who ranks higher on the physical attractiveness scale than they themselves do." : 51 ![]() Despite this skewed sex ratio, they found that "On education and socioeconomic status, women on average express greater hypergamic selectivity they prefer mates who are superior to them in these traits. Īn empirical study examined the mate preferences of subscribers to a computer dating service in Israel that had a highly skewed sex ratio (646 men for 1,000 women). However, this reduction may be compensated by greater levels of parental investment by her genetically lower quality husband. Marriage reduces the overall genetic quality of her offspring by precluding the possibility of impregnation by a genetically higher quality male, albeit without his parental investment. Gilles Saint-Paul (2008) argued that, based on mathematical models, human female hypergamy occurs because women have greater lost mating opportunity costs from monogamous mating (given their slower reproductive rate and limited window of fertility), and thus must be compensated for this cost of marriage. Some research supports that theory, including a 2012 analysis of a survey of 8,953 people in 37 countries, which found that the more gender-equal a country, the likelier male and female respondents were to report seeking the same qualities as each other rather than different ones. They argue that as societies shift towards becoming more gender-equal, women's mate selection preferences shift as well. Studies of mate selection in dozens of countries around the world have found men and women report prioritizing different traits when it comes to choosing a mate, with both groups favoring attractive partners in general, but men tending to prefer women who are young while women tend to prefer men who are rich, well-educated, and ambitious. Women are more selective in their choice of marriage partners than are men (Feingold, 1992 Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995 Hill & Hurtado, 1996 Kenrick et al., 1990). Across studies, 3 out of 4 women rated socioeconomic status as more important in a prospective marriage partner than did the average man. Meta-analysis of research published from 1965 to 1986 revealed the same sex difference (Feingold, 1992). In 29 samples, the "ambition and industriousness" of a prospective mate were more important for women than for men. Women rated "good financial prospect" higher than did men in all cultures. The most extensive of these studies included 10,000 people in 37 cultures across six continents and five islands. Research conducted throughout the world strongly supports the position that women prefer marriage with partners who are culturally successful or have high potential to become culturally successful. Rest of the world Ī study done by the University of Minnesota in 2017 found that females generally prefer dominant males as mates. The high price that has to be borne by parents to arrange a suitable marriage for a daughter has led to increasing rates of abortion of female fetuses. Hypergamy comes with a cost though: the dowry often costs as much or more than an entire house. A connection in an urban area creates a broader social horizon for the bride's family, and young children in the family can be sent to live with the couple in the city for better schooling. Farmers and other rural workers want their daughters to have access to city life, for with metropolitan connections comes better job opportunities, upper-class social circles, even better housing opportunities and utilities (internet access, reliable electricity, running potable water, heat/cooling). Marriages in rural India are increasingly examples of hypergamy. In rural India, hypergamy is an opportunity to modernize. Further information: Inter-caste marriage
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